UNN ICT

http://www.unn.edu.ng/ict-training-for-higher-technical-officers/

THE COMPUTER

The term Computer, originally meant a person capable of performing numerical calculations with the help of a mechanical computing device. The term today means different things to different people around the world. Some see computers as any device capable of accepting data, processes the data and print out the results.

However, I would like to put on record that the computer is not just any device; but it is an electronic device (meaning it depends on electricity to function). On this note, a Computer can be said to be an electronic device (or machine) with the ability to accept (take in) data, processes (based on some set of instructions known as programs), stores the processed data and capable of releasing the outcome (or result) to the outside world as output. The output can be in the form of printouts (hard copy) or displays on the screen (soft copy).

The foundation stone of the development of computers was laid way back in the era before Christ. Binary arithmetic is at the core of computer systems.

The history of computers dates back to the invention of ABACUS, an early computing tool in Asia in 2400BC. The invention of logarithm by John Napier and the invention of slide rules by William Oughtred were significant events in the evolution of computers from these early computing devices. Here's introducing you to the ancestors of modern computers.

·         Abacus was invented in 2400 BC.

·         Pingala introduced the binary number system, which would later form the core of computing systems.

·         Later in 60 AD, Heron of Alexandria invented machines that could follow instructions. Who knew back then that this idea would evolve into intelligent machines!

·         The 1600s witnessed the invention of slide rules, the system of movable rods based on logarithms used to perform basic mathematical calculations, and a mechanical adding machine, which in some way, laid the foundation of modern-day calculating machines or computers.

1800s saw some remarkable feats in the history of computers. They included:

·         A punching card system was devised by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801.

·         Charles Babbage designed the first mechanical computer in 1822 and the Analytical Engine in 1834.

·         Morse code was invented in 1835 by Samuel Morse.

·         George Boole invented the Boolean algebra in 1848, which would later be at the heart of programming.

If you look at how computers evolved, you will notice that first generation computers made use of vacuum tubes. These computers were expensive and bulky. They used machine language for computing and could solve just one problem at a time. They did not support multitasking.

• International Business Machine (IBM) was founded in 1911.
• It was in 1937 that Alan Turing came up with the concept of a theoretical Turing machine. In the same year, John V. Atanasoff devised the first digital electronic computer. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry came up with the ABC prototype in the November of 1939. Its computations were based on a vacuum tube and it used regenerative capacitor memory.
• Konrad Zuse’s electromechanical ‘Z Machines’, especially the Z3 of 1941 was a notable achievement in the evolution of computers. It was the first machine to include binary and floating-point arithmetic and a considerable amount of programmability. Since it was proved to be Turing complete in 1998, it is regarded as the world’s first operational computer.
• In 1943, the Colossus was secretly designed at Bletchley Park, Britain to decode German messages. The Harvard Mark I of 1944 was a large-scale electromechanical computer with less programmability. It was another step forward in the evolution of computers.
• The U.S. Army’s Ballistics Research Laboratory came up with the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC) in 1946. It came to be known as the first general purpose electronic computer. However, it was required to be rewired to change its programming thus making its architecture inflexible. Developers of ENIAC realized the flaws in the architecture and developed a better one. It was known as the stored program architecture or von Neumann Architecture. It got this name after John von Neumann, who for the first time described the architecture in 1945. All the projects of developing computers taken up thereafter have been using the von Neumann Architecture. All the computers use a ‘stored program architecture’, which is now a part of the definition of computers.
• The U.S. National Bureau of Standards came up with Standards Electronic/Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC) in 1950. Diodes handled all the logic making it the first computer to base its logic on solid devices.
• American mathematician and engineer, known as the 'Father of Information Theory', Claude Shannon published a paper Programming a Computer for Playing Chess, wherein he wrote about a machine that could be made to play chess!
• IBM announced the IBM 702 Electronic Data Processing Machine in 1953. It was developed for business use and could address scientific and engineering applications.

Till the 1950s all computers that were used were vacuum tube based. In the 1960s, transistor-based computers replaced vacuum tubes. Transistors made computers smaller and cheaper. They made computers energy-efficient. But transistors led to emission of large amounts of heat from the computer, which could damage them. The use of transistors marked the second generation of computers. Computers of this generation used punched cards for input. They used assembly language.

• Stanford Research Institute brought out ERMA, Electronic Recording Machine Accounting Project, which dealt with automation of the process of bookkeeping in banking.
• In 1959, General Electric Corporation delivered its ERMA computing system to the Bank of America in California.

The use of Integrated circuits ushered in the third generation of computers. Their use increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Operating systems were the human interface to computing operations and keyboards and monitors became the input-output devices. COBOL, one of the earliest computer languages, was developed in 1959-60. BASIC came out in 1964. It was designed by John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz. Douglas Engelbart invented the first mouse prototype in 1963. Computers used a video display terminal (VDT) in the early days. The invention of Color Graphics Adapter in 1981 and that of Enhanced Graphics Adapter in 1984, both by IBM added 'color' to computer displays. All through the 1990s, computer monitors used the CRT technology. LCD replaced it in the 2000s. Computer keyboards evolved from the early typewriters. The development of computer storage devices started with the invention of Floppy disks, by IBM again.

• In 1968, DEC launched the first minicomputer called the PDP-8.
• In 1969, the development of ARPANET began with the financial backing of the Department Of Defense.

Thousands of integrated circuits placed onto a silicon chip made up a microprocessor. Introduction of microprocessors was the hallmark of fourth generation computers.

• Intel produced large-scale integration circuits in 1971. Microprocessors came up during the 1970s. Ted Hoff, working for Intel introduced 4-bit 4004.
• In 1972, Intel introduced the 8080 microprocessors.
• In 1974, Xerox came up with Alto workstation at PARC. It consisted of a monitor, a graphical interface, a mouse, and an Ethernet card for networking.
• Apple Computers brought out the Macintosh personal computer on January 24 1984.
• By 1988, more than 45 million computers were in use in the United States. The number went up to a billion by 2002.

The fifth generation computers are in their development phase. They would be capable of massive parallel processing, support voice recognition and understand natural language. The current advancements in computer technology are likely to transform computing machines into intelligent ones that possess self organizing skills. The evolution of computers will continue, perhaps till the day their processing powers equal human intelligence.

COMPARISON BETWEEN A COMPUTER AND A HUMAN BEING

Computer Peripherals compared to Human Body

It has been noted that a computer has the main parts and peripherals. These parts and peripherals work together to make the computer perform tasks or solve a particular problem. The human body is composed of cells into tissues into organs then into systems. Same also implies a computer, it is all based on circuitry cells working in a logical way to make the computer a useful device to man. Just like the parts of our body are very important to us since they help us in doing our work and enable us to communicate with one another, the computer parts also aid communication process between the computer system itself and the user.

Similarities between the Parts

HEART vs Central Processing Unit (CPU): It controls every activities of the computer. Also responsible for the processing of data into information just like the heart pumping blood round the body.

BRAIN vs Random Access Memory (RAM): This stores data and information temporarily on a computer. It is also responsible for the starting up of a computer and running of programs. It's what a computer uses to remember things.

NERVOUS SYSTEM vs Motherboard: This is a printed panel of physical arrangement in a computer that contains the computer's basic circuitry and components. It's like a communication channel between every parts and components of the computer system.

BRAIN vs Hard Disk: This is a secondary storage on a computer used to back-up data and information. It is used to write information for future reference. You will agree with me that the human brain is incomparable.

MUSCLES vs BUS: This is a collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another. It is also a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer or between computers.

MOUTH vs Speaker/Printer: Both are output devices. They produce what the computer needs to give out.

HANDS vs Mouse/Keyboard: Both are input devices. They are used to send in instructions and information into the computer.

EYES vs Web cam: Web cam detects light and sends signals through the optic lens to the visual and the computer to the CPU. Just exactly like how the eyes works sending visual signals to the brain through optic nerves.

EARS vs Microphone: Microphone receives sound waves and sends it into the computer for processing. Ears are used for recognition.

FACE vs Monitor: This is an output device. It has a screen which it uses to display what the computer is doing or how it feels. Just like the human face shows different expressions.

SKIN vs System Casing: This gives the computer a definite shape. It defines a computer telling us more about it, how it responds to the conditions around. Same implies the human skin, it defines the human body.

Differences

1.      Computers can only follow instructions and patterns made by a programmer, while the brain behaves freely using reasoning and common sense.

2.      It is impossible for the brain to function without emotions while computers only act under the logic.

3.      Processing: The human brain adapts to new circumstances and learn new ideas faster than computer.

4.      Repair:  Like all machines, computer is much easier to repair than the human body.

5.      Updates: The computer can be continuously updated and evolve with the development of technology, while the human brain cannot be updated.

6.      Memory: Computers can continue to store memories as they add more RAM. The information is never lost and the computer also stores information in a more orderly way than the human brain.

The operations of human beings with respect to the processing of information

Brains can be compared to computers as information processors, since:

1.      Neurons are on/off devices that can represent digital information.

2.      The neuron threshold effect allows logic gates (McCulloch & Pitts, 1943)

3.      The brain has input/output channels (the senses) as a computer does.

4.      The brain works by electricity as computers do.

5.      As a computer has many transistors so the brain has many neurons (about 10¹⁰, more than there are people in the world)

The brain is the organ where processing of information takes place in human beings. Comparison is made between how computers process data with how the brain processes the senses to combine their strengths, not to decide which is “better”. This has implications for:

·         Computer Design - to improve computer design. While computer systems evolved over about 60 years, the brain has evolved over millions of years, and was rigorously beta tested over many lives. It probably embodies useful design principles.

·         Computer-human interaction (CHI) Design - to improve interface design. Computer success often depends on it human interaction, and knowing how people process information can improve this.

Computer vs. Human Information Processing

A systems theory approach can be used (Bertalanffy, 1968) to contrast computer and human information processing. A processing system, whether computer or brain, is presumed composed of processors, whether computer or cognitive, that receive input from sensors or ports, and send output to effectors or peripherals. The following discussion applies whether the system is physical (hardware) or informational (software).

Von Neumann Computers

While the brain’s design is relatively consistent between people due to genetics, a computer’s design is whatever its designers choose it to be. In the following, “the computer” refers to computers whose design derives directly from Von Neumann’s original architecture, which encompasses the vast majority of computers in use today. In his original design, Von Neumann made certain assumptions to ensure valid processing:

1.      Control: Centralized. Processing is directed from a central processing unit (CPU).

2.      Input: Sequential. Input channels are processed in sequence.

3.      Output: Exclusive. Output resources are locked for single use.

4.      Storage: Location based. Information is accessed by memory address.

5.      Initiation: Input driven. Processing is initiated by input.

6.      Self-processing: Minimal. System does not monitor or change itself.

Each of the above is not a yes/no dichotomy but a proposed continuum, with computer and brain at opposite ends, e.g. a computer’s “parallel port” has more bit lines than its “serial port”, but both are far removed from the massively parallel signals carried by millions of optic nerve fibers in the human brain. While modern computers have dual-core chips and multi-channel processing, this decentralization is relatively little compared to the brain.

1.            Control

Centralized control means all processing ultimately originates from and returns to a central processing unit (CPU), even if that unit delegates work to sub-processors. Computers have a CPU for control reasons, so the computer always knows exactly where, in processing terms, it is up to. However a disadvantage is that if the central unit fails, the whole system fails. On a hardware level, if the CPU stops so does the computer. On a software level, if the operating system enters an infinite processing loop, the whole system “hangs”. Asking a room of people if their computer hung this week usually gives a good show of hands, especially for Windows users, but asking people if their brain permanently “hung” in an infinite neural loop this week is almost a no question.

The repetitive rocking of autism may involve neural loops cycling endlessly in parts of the brain, but such cases are infrequent. While the brain’s “operating system” can work over seventy years, Windows gets “old” after 2-3 years and must be reinstalled.

The brain, unlike the computer, does not have a clear “CPU”. In its neural hierarchy lower sub-systems report to higher ones, but the hierarchy top, the cortex, is divided into two hemispheres. The highest level of brain processing is in two parts that divide up the work between them, e.g. each hemisphere receives only half the visual field, with the left half from both eyes going only to the right hemisphere, which also mainly controls the left body side. Each hemisphere replicates its data to the other using the corpus callosum, a massive 800 million nerve fiber bridge, so both hemispheres see the entire visual field. Studies of split-brain patients, whose corpus callosum was surgically cut, suggest that each hemisphere can independently process input and create output, i.e. each hemisphere acts like an autonomous brain (Sperry & Gazzaniga, 1967). The sub-systems within a hemisphere seem also to have autonomy, as do other systems like the cerebellum (psychomotor control) and mid-brain (emotions). Unlike the computer, the brain has no single central control point, but distributes control among autonomous sub-systems.

A computer design implication is to create systems that share control on demand among autonomous sub-systems. Local area networks illustrate the trend, and CSMA/CD (Ethernet) “ondemand” networks have largely replaced centralized polling networks. Object orientated programming also illustrates shared control, as program sub-units exchange messages and take control as required, so there is no code “mainline”. The World Wide Web is a network without central control, something almost unthinkable twenty years ago.

A computer-human interaction (CHI) implication is to design computer-human interactions to manage the user attention flow. If the brain is a loose collection of autonomous sub-systems, in this “Society of Mind” (Minsky, 1986) attention may operate like a market place, where attention’s focus goes to the sub-system with the strongest neural potentials. In concentration higher sub-systems exert topdown control to direct lower ones to some focus, while in distraction lower sub-systems exert bottom-up control to engage higher ones to attend to some peripheral input. Which is good or bad depends on the situation, e.g. a colorful “New” graphic at the start of a text sentence directs the user to begin reading it, but a flashing graphic at the end of a sentence makes it difficult to read, as one is continuously distracted to the flashing at the end.

2.            Input

Sequential processing carries out many instructions one after another rather than processing them simultaneously (in parallel). While computers use pipelining and hyper-threading, computer processing is mostly sequential due to cable and port bandwidth limits. While supercomputers use some parallel processing, each cell of the human retina has already begun to process boundary information before signals leave the eye.

The serial/parallel difference explains how people can recognize sentences in 1/10th second, faster than most computers, although a neuron event is a million-time slower than computer event. The 1/1,000 second neuron refractory period, a brain hardware property, allows for only 100 sequential steps in this time. No computer code can do human pattern recognition in 100 lines. The brain’s slow components can give a fast response using parallel processing.

While the brain pre-processes visual input in parallel at the retinal level, computers scan screen pixels in sequence, and printers print pixels in sequence. The alternative to sequential processing is parallel processing.

One computer design implication is to increase processing power by operating in parallel.

Parallel super-computer arrays illustrate the power of this approach, as does the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) program where computers from around the world parallel process signals from space. A CHI implication is to design computer-human interactions to engage many input channels at once, i.e. multi-media interfaces. Since people process senses in parallel, computers should provide the same. Multi-media web sites don’t increase information overload, e.g. a web site without depth cues merely leaves human visual depth processors with nothing to do, which reduces the user experience. Adding a parchment background to a screen seems to need more processing, but users have dedicated visual processors for background textons. Adding depth, color, texture, sound or movement to web sites gives interface designers something for nothing, as these are always on human processing channels. Many prefer Netscape’s big icons plus text buttons to Microsoft’s icons only buttons because the brain processes graphics and text in parallel. Here “multi-media” means using both graphics and text, although both are channels within the same visual medium. Likewise color, shape, orientation, movement, texture and depth invoke different brain processes though all are the visual medium. The concept of multi-media can be extended to mean multi-processor, where a multi-media interface engages many neural processes.

3.            Output

Exclusive output processing locks output for sole access, e.g. two documents sent from different computers to a network printer at the same time come out one after the other, not interleaved, as each gets exclusive access. Databases also use exclusive control to avoid the deadly embrace of a double lock. In the computer, one function works at a time, so a software update will overwrite the previous version.

However in the brain new systems overlay rather than replace older ones, e.g. primitive brain stem responses still operate in adults as reflexes. Keeping older but simpler systems has two advantages:

a.       Older systems are more reliable, and can take over if higher systems fail, e.g. brain damage.

b.      Older systems are faster, and a fast simple response can be better than a slow complex one, e.g. touching a hot stove gives a reflex pull back.

The alternative to exclusive output control is overlaid output control, where newer sub-systems inhibit older ones, but older ones can act before the new ones can stop them.

An implication for computer design is to overlay rather than replace when updating. A Windows computer is somewhat layered like this, as a Word failure usually drops the user into Windows, and Windows can revert to DOS if one reboots via the recovery console. However Microsoft has tried to replace DOS, rather than seeing it as a useful fallback. If Word used this principle, a Word crash would drop users into a kernel like WordPad that would still let the user save the current document in rich text form.

4.            Storage

Location based storage stores and recalls information by numbered memory locations, e.g. a disk’s side, track and sector. While such systems can duplicate data by duplicating storage (e.g. RAID 0), this is costly, so one computer “fact” is usually stored in one place, giving the restriction that damaging that location destroys the data held there. Since storage capacity depends linearly on the number of locations, such systems can report “memory full”.

In contrast the brain never seems to report a “memory full” error, even after a lifetime’s experience. If human memory operated like an information data warehouse it should have a clear maximum capacity. Also, if the brain were like a filing cabinet specific brain damage should destroy specific information. Lashley explored this hypothesis in his well known “search for the engram.” (Lashley, 1929). He taught rats to run a maze, then surgically removed different cortical areas in each rat, to find the part holding the maze running memory. He found that removing any 10% of cortex had almost no effect, and after that, maze running degraded gradually, i.e. the amount of brain removed was more important than its location. The conclusion of 33 years of ablation studies was that there are no particular brain cells for particular memories.

While modern studies show memory is not entirely equi-potential, it is clear that one memory is not stored in only one place, i.e. brains don’t store memories as computers do. That electrodes stimulating certain brain cells evoke particular memories does not mean they are stored at that location, only that they can be activated from there. Studies suggest that one memory involves many neurons, with perhaps 1,000 to 1,000,000+ neurons per memory. Equally one neuron is involved many memories rather than just dedicated to one. Somehow memory is stored in the neural interconnections, which increase as the square of neuron number. As each neuron connects to 1,000 - 10,000 others, this gives over 100,000,000,000,000 interconnections, ample capacity to store a lifetime’s data.

Human beings have software

Things like emotions, feelings and reflex actions in humans which cannot be seen or touch can be regarded as the software in human beings. More so, the human spirit is like the operating system without which no man can exist.

References

Adedan Computer Technology: A blog posted on Wednesday November 25, 2015.

Bertalanffy, L. v. (1968). General System Theory. New York: George Braziller Inc.

Chomsky, N. (2006). Language and Mind (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162, 1243-1248.

Hogg, M. A. (1990). Social Identity Theory: Springer-Verlag New York.

https://prezi.com/ebsqzqwvrkml/comparison-between-the-human-brain-and-the-computer/ posted by Angie Vanessa Samboni Rojas on 6 April 2014.

Kurzweil, R. (1999). The Age of Spiritual Machines. Toronto: Penguin Books.

Langer, E. J. (1975). The illusion of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 311-328.

Lashley, K. S. (1929). Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence. New York: Chicago University Press.

Lorenz, E. N. (1963). Deterministic nonperiodic flow. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 20, 130-141.

Marr, D. (1982). Vision. New York: W. H. Freeman.

Maturana, H. R., & Varela, F. J. (1998). The Tree of Knowledge. Boston: Shambala.

Mayr, O. (1970). The Origins of Feedback Control. Cambridge: MIT Press.

McCulloch, W. S., & Pitts, W. (1943). A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, 5, 115-133.

Minsky, M. L. (1986). The Society of Mind. New York: Simon and Schuster.

PCMagazine. (2001). 20th Anniversary of the PC Survey Results. Available: http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1759,57454,00.asp [2004].

Penrose, R. (1994). Shadows of the Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Skinner, B. F. (1948). 'Superstition' in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 168-172.

Sperry, R. W., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1967). Language following surgical disconnection of the hemispheres. In C. H. Millikan & F. L. Darley (Eds.), Brain Mechanisms Underlying Speech and Language. USA: Grune & Stratton.

Whitworth, B. (2005). Polite Computing. Behaviour & Information Technology, 5, September, 353 – 363, http://brianwhitworth.com/polite.rtf

Whitworth, B., Gallupe, B., & McQueen, R. (2001). Generating agreement in computer-mediated groups. Small Group Research, 32(5), 621-661.

THE VALUE OF TIME

Once upon a TIME, Satan and his Board of Directors were concerned over the fact that their business was not booming, and they wanted to have many customers. He decided to ask how possible it will be to have many clients, and a huge reward goes to the person who can find a solution to the problem.

One dwarf demon jumped up and said “I will go back to earth and convince the people that there is no heaven”. Satan answered “fool; the people won’t believe you because they know there is heaven”.

Another fat, huge and ugly demon responded, “I will tell them there is no hell”. Satan replied, “Idiot; that will not work as the people are aware that there is hell”.

The debate continued in search for the solution to the lingering problem about poor customers in hell (Satan’s business empire).

A wise, old, black veteran, slim demon, looking haggard at the back stood up and exclaimed, “If you allow me to go back to earth, I can fill this place in just a second” the wicked old veteran laughed, to the amazement of the Board Members, why was he laughing and insulting them as dull and illiterate board members who can’t even suggest something of importance to the progress of Satan’s kingdom? The dangerous wicked old black veteran demon finally shouted, “I will tell them: ‘There is TIME’, there is no hurry, let them enjoy and have merriment”. Satan rose from his throne and clapped; soon afterwards the board members shook their heads in affirmation for a good idea and applauded the old wise veteran demon.

Guess what the reward was!

TIME remains a mystery and the best gift God has for humanity, seconds go by, minutes tickle and hours soon gone past, comes day and night, then it’s a month, year, decade, generation, jubilee, century and millennium. We complained “There is no TIME”, when actually we do not value TIME and appreciate God for the TIME He has given us.

A French Proverb goes thus “All the treasures of the earth cannot bring back one lost moment”.

Surely, TIME remains a virtue that every being most value. People who had changed the world valued all the best opportunities they had, and today we hope to be like them, we call their names often. From Neil Armstrong who was the first man to land on moon to Thomas Alva Edison, a great inventor, who failed as much as 1000 times in his experiment to Abraham Lincoln who had failed in his business yet he became American best President, Sir Isaac Newton, Michael Faraday, Nelson Mandela, Mother Theresa of Calcutta, Helen Keller, Marie Curie, and host of others who never looked at TIME as too short, or too long to achieve laurels. One thing common about them is that; they valued their TIME, irrespective of the field they find themselves. ‘You can succeed’ says Sumbye Kapena, no matter the wrong personality type, barriers and infirmities, just value the best opportunity of TIME you have, and live a foot print for generations to appreciate God, and then your name will be crested in gold, so said these quotes “TIME is a coin of your life, it is the only coin you have, and only you can determine how it will be spent. Be careful lest you let other people spent it for you” – Carl Sanburg.

“Until you value yourself, you won’t value your TIME, until you value your TIME you will not do anything with it” – M. Scott Peck

The wise old veteran demon’s adage “There is TIME” has become the source of our failures today, and that is why he rules the world.

Hence, the beautiful Proverb that is poetic:

• Take TIME to laugh, it is the music of the soul;
• Take TIME to think, it is the music of power;
• Take TIME to play, it is the source of perpetual youth;
• Take TIME to read, it is a fountain of wisdom;
• Take TIME to pray, it is the greatest power on earth;
• Take TIME to love and be loved, it is God given privilege;
• Take TIME to be friendly, it is the road to happiness;
• Take TIME to give, it is too short a day to be selfish;
• Take TIME to work, it is the price to success.

              (IRISH PROVERB)

It is a fact of life, that there are two categories of people in the world that visualize TIME: Negative people and Positive people. Negative people are those who are tremendously affected by TIME, as such they waste TIME to gossip, fight, being jealous, envy, greedy, keeping malice and are entangle to vices. These people will waste TIME to satisfy their whims and fancies. On the other hand, Positive people are those who value their TIME and try to make the world a better place for us to live, their virtues are humility, obedience, patience, peaceful, trusting in God, courage, etc.

“TIME wait for no one”. This is the TIME, act now; master TIME, conquer TIME, and you can change the world.

Finally, “Life can be an unpredictable destination or existence which is never completed no matter how programmed, but the wise live it to the fullest till the unknown comes” – S.I. Onuoha. Therefore, let us set our priorities right by doing the right things at the right TIME, at the right place, with the right intention, then the success of our destiny is determined. TIME management is a priority in our scale of preference and as such we must be conscious of the amount of time we spent on specific activities.

Pertinent question that should ring in our minds are:-

·         How do I spend my TIME each day? {as a student, teacher, parent}

·         How do I allocate TIME in my activities? {sleep, prayers, studies, siester, recreation, etc}

·         Do I have self-examination before I sleep? {an unexamined life is worth not living, says a Philosopher}

Our success depend on our TIME management and our failures depend on our abuses of TIME, have a Daily TIME Planner on each of your activities and the ladder to success is determined.

Our attitudes controls our lives, attitudes are secret power, working twenty-four hours a day. For good or bad, it is of paramount importance that we control this great force.